vietnam income distribution

Persons per household, 2015-2019. INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN VIETNAM Thi Minh Chi Nguyen Department of Accounting & Auditing, University of Danang, Campus in Kon Tum, Kontum, Vietnam Li-Hsien Chien Department of Applied Economics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan Shwu-En Chen Department of Agribusiness Management, National Pingtung University of Science and Income * 35% - 9,850,000. Vietnam, along with China, stands out as a rare success story among transition economics. As many as 90 percent of the PAPI respondents earned less than VND 20 million (about USD 820) per person per month in 2018, compared with 10 percent earning more than VND 20 . Those two sets of figures would suggest a densely populated landscape and that is the case to an extent. Related Papers. Suggestions are presented for topics to be considered in a research program on the question of population distribution as it impacts on nature and society. The South East region leads in expenditure growth, food is the largest expense. Nicholas Minot & Francesco Goletti, 1998. Country Indicators . The Impact Of FDI On Income Distribution In Vietnam 1990 2000 Le Thai Thuong Quan, Adaptive Optics Gordon D. Love, Proteins, Enzymes, Genes: The Interplay Of Chemistry And Biology Joseph S. Fruton, The Bicyclist's Sourcebook Arlene Plevin Corporate Income Tax 7 • Tax rates • Tax incentives • Calculation of taxable profits • Non-deductible expenses • Losses • Administration • Profit remittance Transfer Pricing 12 . See all articles by Loren Brandt Loren Brandt. Using a sample of 143 countries from 1961 to 2011, the paper finds that four of the five dimensions of financial development can significantly reduce income inequality and poverty, except financial liberalization, which tends to exacerbate ... Vietnam Average Household Income. Advantages Challenges U.S. products are perceived as safe and of premium quality. The chapter is organized as follows. Over the past 30 years, Vietnam has had a remarkable development record. "Well Begun but Not Yet Done: Progress and Emerging Challenges for Poverty Reduction in Vietnam takes a fresh look at the lives of poor men, women, and children in contemporary Vietnam, and it explores the constraints and opportunities they ... The Effect of Trade Liberalization on Income Distribution in Vietnam - Dynamic CGE Approach. Investing in Vietnam, Engaging the world Households with a computer, percent, 2015-2019. Rapid economic development in Vietnam has not been accompanied by worsening income distribution, as is common in many other countries at this stage of development. Dwayne Benjamin. The average wage per person in Vietnam is around 3.45 million VND ($150) a month and differentiated by many factors. Dwayne Benjamin. 29% of GDP (2017 est.) Agriculture and Income Distribution in Rural Vietnam Under Economic Reforms: A Tale of Two Regions. By Pham Lan Huong. Average salary in Vietnam is VND 368,367,368 (US$ 16,961). Detailed salary report based on career, education, experience, gender, age etc. Advanced 2019/20 Survey. Income inequality is the difference in income and wealth between individuals, groups within a society or between countries. This study attempts to investigate the impact of the working certification programs on the income of the coffee farms operated by the local smallholders at Dakha District, Kontum, Vietnam. Supply of goods in Vietnam or associated with services rendered in Vietnam (including in-country import-export and imports, distribution of goods in Vietnam or delivery of goods under Incoterms where the seller bears risk relating to goods in Vietnam) Exempt (1) 1: Services: 5: 5: Restaurant, hotel, and casino management services: 5: 10 income shall be calculated by reference to the market price at the transaction time determined by the tax authority. This page provides - Vietnam Government Revenues- … Foreign income shall be taxed when earned. Presents a project implemented by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) in collaboration with the Inter-Ministerial Poverty Mapping Task Force to explore the spatial ... The company has already paid a dividend of 30% based on . The private consumption rate is also high, more than 67% of the GDP. This is a development of historical importance as the top parts of the global . Vietnam’s economic freedom score is 61.7, making its economy the 90th freest in the 2021 Index. This paper attempts to analyze the impact on Vietnam of ongoing regional economic integration, focusing on growth, poverty reduction and income distribution. Create a free account to download. With regard to the retail sector, it has been fully liberalised since 2009 on the back of Vietnam's commitment to its accession to the World Trade Organization . In terms of Gini data, income inequality in Vietnam increased until 2008 and then decreased, and … Vietnam Monthly Earnings data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 2011 to Mar 2021, with an average number of 225 USD. Salaries vary drastically between different careers. Vietnam's wealth grew by 210% between 2000 and 2017, due in large part to 210 super rich people who control 12% of the nation's wealth. Non-residents are subject to PIT at a flat tax rate on the income received as a result of working in Vietnam/on Vietnam-related income in the tax year, and at various other rates on their non-employment income. Data for Vietnam, Lower middle income from The World Bank: Data Meanwhile, one percent of them stated. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. To accomplish this objective, we developed a multi-sector, multi-household dynamic CGE model and the corresponding social accounting matrix for Vietnam. A representative of the Committee for Ethnic Affairs told the news source that the poorest areas in Vietnam are the western central coast, including Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Binh Dinh, … Salaries vary drastically between different careers. Language other than English spoken at home, percent of persons age 5 years+, 2015-2019. Vietnam’s urbanization level is still low compared to the global average but, in recent years, higher than the average in other developing countries as well as countries in Southeast Asia. In the period 2016-2020, Vietnam’s economy grew at an average rate of 6.78% in the period 2016-2019 and 2020 … , Apr 14, 2021 As surveyed by Infocus Mekong in 2020, around 21 percent of households in Vietnam had an income from 15,000,000 to 19,999,999 Vietnamese dong. The number of wealthy individuals is to increase, yet average wealth lags behind. Enter age and pre-tax (gross) income earned in full-year 2019 to compare to income distribution by age. Over a longer period, China has gone through a process similar in a number of respects to Vietnam’s Vietnam Area and Population Density. data shows that income inequality in Vietnam has increased in the last two decades,10 and more importantly, the richest are taking a disproportionate share of income. Corporate Income Tax 7 • Tax rates • Tax incentives • Calculation of taxable profits • Non-deductible expenses • Losses • Administration • Profit remittance Transfer Pricing 12 ... PwC - Vietnam Pocket Tax Book 2020 PwC 3. The trend of inequality in income distribution in Vietnam 2016-2020 period. Government Revenues in Vietnam averaged 370633.74 VND Billion from 1985 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1551074 VND Billion in 2019 and a record low of 19 VND Billion in 1985. This visualization tracks income levels in the UK at different points in the income distributions. In 2017, households headed by a Vietnamese immigrant had a median income of approximately $63,200, compared to $56,700 and $60,800 for all immigrant and U.S.-born households, respectively. Vietnam's total consumer spending is growing at the highest rate in the region, more than 8% a year, rising from USD 118 billion in 2013 to USD 185 billion in 2019. All data are based on 1,212 salary surveys. Dividends paid by way of other properties, has rarely happened in Vietnam. In urban areas, households with an . For this purpose, we have constructed a globally linked Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model and made use of Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database version 6.0 and Vietnam's . And the economy shows no signs of slowing. Complete country & lifestyle statistics on Vietnam compiled by Euromonitor. PwC - Vietnam Pocket Tax Book 2020 Trigger. Income and Poverty; Immigration Pathways and Naturalization; Health Coverage; Diaspora; Remittances; Distribution by State and Key Cities. It is acknowledged that the lack of any systematic link between growth and income inequality does not necessarily mean that economic growth is not accompanied by major changes in the underlying income distribution. See all articles by Loren Brandt Loren Brandt. Employment income is taxed on a progressive tax rates basis. Meanwhile, three percent of … Indeed, Vietnam has adopted a liberalised regime for trading and wholesaling activities. Government Revenues in Vietnam increased to 1551074 VND Billion in 2019 from 1424914 VND Billion in 2018. We investigate the effects of inward FDI on income distribution and absolute living standards in Vietnam using census data from 1989-2009. Vietnam Annual Household Income per Capita data is updated yearly, available from Dec 1994 to Dec 2019, with an averaged value of 605.240 USD. 3,151,045. Vietnam's total retail sales of goods and services was approximately $213 billion, up 11.8 percent over 2018, in which food and beverage retail sales were estimated at $51 billion [Vietnam's General Statistics Office (GSO) and Ministry of Industry and Trade]. This is the average monthly salary including housing, transport, and other benefits. A person working in Ha Noi typically earns around 18,700,000 VND per month. Reforms have transformed Vietnam from one of the world's poorest countries 25 years ago to a lower middle-income country (MIC) (2011 per capita income of US$1,260). The VHLSS surveys are stratified on the basis of geography, with the smallest unit of analysis being the commune. What is the effect of trade liberalization on households in developing countries? The 14th National Assembly of Vietnam (term 2016-2021) has 489 Assembly, which is the highest-level representative body of Vietnamese people, has the power to exercise constitutional and legislative rights and to decide on critical issues of the country. In early 2011, Vietnam edged into "middle income" status as measured by the World Bank, and now many families are shopping for Toyota Corollas or Chevrolet Cruzes. As surveyed by Infocus Mekong in 2020, around 21 percent of households in Vietnam had an income from 15,000,000 to 19,999,999 Vietnamese dong. Rapid economic development in Vietnam has not been accompanied by worsening income distribution, as is common in many other countries at this stage of development. Income from providing services subject to SST in accordance with the provisions of the law on SST. Equal-split-adults series. Vietnam income distribution. Section 2 identifies the policy phases and major themes of the post-war period. To reduce costs, the General Statistical Office (GSO) imple- Chart 2 Distribution of Income in Vietnam: Key Metrics 2019-2040. Household income has been rising steadily, although there's still some disparity in the income of urban and rural households. will populate the top quintile of global income distribution. April 8, 2020. Vietnam's economic freedom score is 61.7, making its economy the 90th freest in the 2021 Index. Foreign-source income derived by residents is subject to corporati on tax in the same way as Vietnamese-source income. The Effect of Trade Liberalization on Income Distribution in Vietnam - Dynamic CGE Approach. Complete country & lifestyle statistics on Vietnam compiled by Euromonitor. 27.5% of GDP (2015 est.) 899,500 students enrolled. AGM approved 20% of net income from the parent company earmarked for the Company's investment and development fund, 22% for the bonus and welfare fund, and 30% on par value for the cash dividend (7.2% dividend yield). Laos’ World Trade Organization Accession … The value for GINI index (World Bank estimate) in Vietnam was 35.30 as of 2016. Chart 3 Gross Income Growth Index in Vietnam 2019-2040. Master's Thesis from the year 2009 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Region: South Asia, grade: 8, , language: English, abstract: This study concerns itself with three questions about democratic transition through economic ... The way of classifying income of those re- searchers is quite similar with the way of [12] when he analyses the relationship between health and income of Vietnamese households. Deputy Prime Minister Vuong Dinh Hue recently gave a detailed report on this topic through the first half of 2019 and proposed solutions, according to Tuoi Tre.In 2014, the top 20% make 9.7 times more than the bottom 20%, Hue said. Data for Vietnam, Lower middle income from The World Bank: Data Vietnam's successes in the health sector are legendary. This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. Download Full PDF Package. 2. The most typical earning is 160,972,416 VND.All data are based on 1,215 salary surveys. As the graph below shows, over the past 24 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 12.00 in 2014 and a minimum value of 10.80 in 2010. University of Toronto - Department of Economics; IZA Institute of Labor Economics. In 2012, the Palma ratio for Vietnam was 1.74, meaning that the richest 10 percent of people had an income 1.74 times higher than Vietnam Average Monthly Wages Wages in Vietnam decreased to 6340 VND Thousand/Month in the second quarter of 2020 from 7199 VND Thousand/Month in the first quarter of 2020. source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam 3Y 10Y Those two sets of figures would suggest a densely populated landscape and that is the case to an extent. The number of wealthy individuals is to increase, yet average wealth lags behind. We examine the relationship between trade and financial globalization and the rise in inequality in most countries in recent decades. Poverty and Income Distribution 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam Other emerging The data reached the an all-time high of 311 USD in Mar 2021 and a record low of 142 USD in Jun 2011. Found inside – Page 21The much lower inequality and income level in agriculture allows us to predict future inequality change in Vietnam, assuming that within-sector agricultural ... Figure 3. Vietnam. Agriculture and Income Distribution in Rural Vietnam under Economic Reforms: A Tale of Two Regions Dwayne Benjamin Loren Brandt University of Toronto Abstract This paper exploits the panel dimension of the Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) in order to analyze the main changes occurring in agriculture in Vietnam over the period 1993-1998. As the graph below shows, over the past 24 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 39.30 in 2010 and a minimum value of 34.80 in 2014. Like many other economies in the world, the type of jobs firstly divides the salary level in Vietnam. Basis of Taxation . Taxable income - Tax is imposed on a company's . Trade and Development in Vietnam: Exploring Investment Linkages. Vietnam's distribution sector has also developed to become more mature in recent years. For every square kilometer of land, there is an average of 291.33 people. Vietnam now is one of the most dynamic emerging countries in East Asia region. Average salary in Vietnam is 392,818,687 VND per year. Chart 1 Annual Gross Income Distribution by Age in Vietnam: 2019. . profits, which include the profits of affiliates and . Definition: Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure . 5 Figure 2. of Vietnam. At the end of 2018, the poverty rate among ethnic minority groups made up 55% of the whole country's poor, where the average income per household was only two-fifths of the national average income. or. Literature Review Income inequality refers to an unequal distribution of income among individuals or households. Growth with equity: income inequality in Vietnam, 2002-14 . an individual-based income distribution, we weight the household data by household size. Wages in Vietnam decreased to 6340 VND Thousand/Month in the second quarter of 2020 from 7199 VND Thousand/Month in the first quarter of 2020. source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam 3Y 10Y 25Y Its overall score has increased by 2.9 points, primarily because of an improvement in fiscal health. Vietnam. When looking deeper into the income strata and examining the correlation with poverty concern, it shows that income inequality is a significant driver of poverty concerns. Agriculture and Income Distribution in Rural Vietnam under Economic Reforms: A Tale of Two Regions Dwayne Benjamin Loren Brandt University of Toronto Abstract This paper exploits the panel dimension of the Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) in order to analyze the main changes occurring in agriculture in Vietnam over the period 199- 3 1998. Adult Population by Country or Region, 1993-2019 In other words, half of the nation's adult residents have disposable income higher than this number, while the other half has disposable income that falls below this number. The VHLSS surveys are stratified on the basis of geography, with the smallest unit of analysis being the commune. Annual Household Income per Capita is calculated from … The way of classifying income of those re- searchers is quite similar with the way of [12] when he analyses the relationship between health and income of Vietnamese households. 29.5% of GDP (2016 est.) "What is the effect of trade liberalization on households in developing countries? Population, total (millions) 95.5 2018 96.5 2019. country comparison to the world (CIA rank, may be based on non-current data): 33. Vietnam Annual Household Income per Capita data is updated yearly, available from Dec 1994 to Dec 2019, with an averaged value of 605.240 USD. Vietnam's Growth/ Development Model Vietnam has made a transition from low to middle-income country - the $1.90-a-day extreme poverty rate fell from 50 percent in This chapter examines the macroeconomic performance and structural evolution of the Vietnamese economy following the reforms launched by the government in 1989. This study examines the influence of trade liberalization on income distribution among different household groups in Vietnam using the dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework. Section 3 provides a broad historical overview of the Vietnamese post-war economy. Reforms have transformed Vietnam from one of the world’s poorest countries 25 years ago to a lower middle-income country (MIC) (2011 per capita income of US$1,260). The poverty headcount fell from 58 percent in the early 1990s to around 10 percent by 2010. This paper. In Vietnam, the Personal Income Tax Rate is a tax collected from individuals and is imposed on different sources of income like labour, pensions, interest and dividends . The benchmark we use refers to the Top Marginal Tax Rate for individuals. Revenues from the Personal Income Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of ... This is the question that we address in this study. Found insideThis book traces the economic history of South Vietnam from 1955 to 1975, the period encompassing the Vietnam war. 84.7%. If paid by way of goods and inventories, they are required to be converted into cash equivalent for PIT purposes. For tax residents, worldwide employment income (regardless inside or outside of Vietnam) is taxed, with progressive rates from 5% to 35%. Found inside – Page iThis volume explores issues such as which macroeconomic and structural reforms led to growth, what effect reform has had on the household economy, and how the transition has affected education, health, fertility, and child nutrition. Found insideIn 1992 the World Bank launched the Africa's Management in the 1990s research program, a comprehensive study of the issues of institutional capacity building in Sub-Saharan Africa and its effects on economic and social development. Computer and Internet Use. Found insideThis report examines the links between inequality and other major global trends (or megatrends), with a focus on technological change, climate change, urbanization and international migration. The distribution of wealth is a comparison of the wealth of various members or groups in a society.It shows one aspect of economic inequality or economic heterogeneity.. Its overall score has increased by 2.9 points, primarily because of an improvement in fiscal health. Growth with equity: income inequality in Vietnam, 2002–14 ... an individual-based income distribution, we weight the household data by household size. 103,900 private (11.5% of total) 32,200 faculty members. As the graph below shows, over the past 24 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 39.30 in 2010 and a minimum value of 34.80 in 2014. This averages living costs across many months—you may spend more getting set … However, considering people's awareness, 96 percent of Vietnamese think their . 4,500 at private institutions (14% of total) Looking even further back, in the academic year of 1992/93, Vietnam had approximately 162,000 university and college students at around 110 … The dividend tax is a withholding tax applied to the distribution of a Vietnam company’s net profits to those who own shares in the business.The dividend tax is applied at local level to both natural persons and companies. Vietnam Monthly Earnings data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 2011 to Mar 2021, with an average number of 225 USD. 58 Pages Posted: 17 Mar 2003. Distribution of nationl income in Asia: Top 1% and bottom 50% (a) Decomposition of the bottom 50% of Asia (b) Decomposition of the top 1% of Asia Source: Distribution of national income among adults. Income * 35% - 9,850,000. The most paid careers are Construction & Labor Workers with average income 738,012,535 VND and Engineers . Over 80,000,000. As surveyed by Infocus Mekong in 2020, around 20 percent of households in urban areas of Vietnam had an income from 25,000,000 to 29,999,999 Vietnamese dong. Truong Thanh. Wage and Labour Regulation in Vietnam - 51 above 25 percent.3 The agriculture share of employment has declined from 73 percent in 1990 to 67 percent in 2001, whereas the corresponding figures for industry increased from 11 to 13 percent and $700 on the low end of the range, up to $1,400 for mid-range expats. To fully realize the growth potential of trade, while limiting the risk of rising inequality, policies need to better account for microeconomic heterogeneity. One approach to this is geographic targeting that shifts resources to poor areas. Corporate Income Tax is calculated based on the income of the entity (i.e. [see also: Gross national saving country ranks ] GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 66.9% (2017 est.) Tax non-residents of Vietnam: A flat tax rate of 20 percent is applicable to Vietnam-sourced employment income. Wage and salary in Vietnam are very dissimilar across occupations and contrast starkly between urban and rural areas. The average wage per person in Vietnam is around 3.2 million VND ($150) a month and differentiated by many factors. Chart 1 Annual Gross Income Distribution by Age in Vietnam: 2019. 99(395), pages . Vietnam has made remarkable progress over the past two decades in its transition to a market economy resulting in numerous changes to both its social and economic institutions. In Vietnam, 50 percent of population would be listed as ‘middle class’ with income of $5,000-35,000 a year. For non-tax residents, only employment income arising inside Vietnam is taxed, with a rate of 20%. Chart 2 Distribution of Income in Vietnam: Key Metrics 2019-2040. Cost of Living in Vietnam: $700 to $1,400 per month. Government Revenues in Vietnam increased to 1551074 VND Billion in 2019 from 1424914 VND Billion in 2018. source: ADB - Asian Development Bank. 35. Found insideThe Vietnam 2035 report, a joint undertaking of the Government of Vietnam and the World Bank Group, seeks to better comprehend the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. 16.3%. Vietnamese overall have higher incomes compared to the total foreign- and native-born populations. Found insideWorld Bank Technical Paper No. 394. However, household surveys, the data sources traditionally used to observe these dynamics, do not capture these evolution very well. In Vietnam, 50 percent of population would be listed as 'middle class' with income of $5,000-35,000 a year. of Vietnam. non-market earnings, which includes income from food coupon, housing subsidy, income from other subsidies, income from other sources and income from childcare subsidy. It contains the most recent data through 2021. Over 80,000,000. The 14th National Assembly of Vietnam (term 2016-2021) has 489 Assembly, which is the highest-level representative body of Vietnamese people, has the power to exercise constitutional and legislative rights and to decide on critical issues of the country. Vietnam - Income distribution Income share held by second 20% The value for Income share held by second 20% in Vietnam was 11.90 as of 2016. Tax non-residents of Vietnam: A flat tax rate of 20 percent is applicable to Vietnam-sourced employment income. Vietnam's disposable income per capita is expected to grow quickly and reach USD 3,062 in 2023. In comparison, Vietnam has a small surface area, and at 331,210 square kilometers (128,565 square miles), this is only the world’s 65th largest in terms of landmass alone. The value for Income share held by second 20% in Vietnam was 11.90 as of 2016. , Apr 14, 2021 As surveyed by Infocus Mekong in 2020, around 20 percent of households in urban areas of Vietnam had an income from 25,000,000 to 29,999,999 Vietnamese … How much does it cost to live in Vietnam? Persistent poverty is especially severe among Vietnam's ethnic minorities, which, given their ge-ographic distribution, adds a strong regional dimension to poverty as well (World Bank (2013), Baulch, Hung, and Reilly (2012)). This report uses a relatively new method called small area estimation or poverty mapping to estimate measures of poverty and inequality for provinces, districts, and communes in Vietnam. Wage and salary in Vietnam are very dissimilar across occupations and contrast starkly between urban and rural areas. 6.5% total . It should be noted that the dividends issued by local companies to corporate stakeholders, meaning to other companies holding shares in them, are exempt from the … University of Toronto - Department of Economics; IZA Institute of Labor Economics. When looking deeper into the income strata and examining the correlation with poverty concern, it shows that income inequality is a significant driver of poverty concerns. The amount of distributions paid by each fund may vary from time to time. In 2019, PHR cut down roughly 1,229 ha of old rubber trees (-5% YoY). Salaries range from 4,720,000 VND (lowest average) to 83,300,000 VND (highest average, actual maximum salary is higher). The most typical earning is 160,972,416 VND. The living standards of Vietnamese households have improved over the past couple of years thanks to the development of social-economic conditions. income inequality in Vietnam increased until 2008 and then decreased, and in 2014 began to increase again. The Human Capital Index (HCI) database provides data at the country level for each of the components of the Human Capital Index as well as for the overall index, disaggregated by gender. A Vietnamese company that has developed a COVID-19 vaccine says it is willing to share data with others, but the challenge is finding manufacturers for the vaccine in low-income countries. Learn more about the economies and consumers in Vietnam. Wage and Labour Regulation in Vietnam - 51 above 25 percent.3 The agriculture share of employment has declined from 73 percent in 1990 to 67 percent in 2001, whereas the corresponding figures for industry increased from 11 to 13 percent and 80(4), pages 738-749.Deaton, Angus, 1989. Government estimates showed the Vietnamese economy growing . Vietnam is a member of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the World Trade Organization. Income inequality occurs in most countries around the world, including Vietnam. Vietnam Monthly Earnings stood at 311 USD in Mar 2021, compared with the previous figure of 287 USD in Dec 2020. For every square kilometer of land, there is an average of 291.33 people. Vietnam is currently in the midst of its own rags to riches story. 8 Doing business in Vietnam 2019. Using macroeconomic and household survey data, this publication examines a range of issues including: the causes of Vietnam's economic growth and future prospects; the impact on household welfare and poverty levels, school enrolment, child ... The Human Capital Index (HCI) database provides data at the country level for each of the components of the Human Capital Index as well as for the overall index, disaggregated by gender. 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