Mary had widespread popular support, and she immediately began undoing the Reformation in two stages. In 1555 Charles officially turned rule of the Netherlands over to Philip. In the eleventh century Christian states in the north of Spain, even though they were not unified, took advantage of Muslim unrest and set out to recapture territories conquered by the Moors. on a 12 second timer, and questions 11 - 15 are on a 10 second. Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. In 1630 the Netherlands seized some coastal towns in northern Brazil. Henry's son, Alfonso I (c. 11091185), became king and achieved independence for Portugal in 1143. Charles saw this as a chance to occupy Naples, so he marched his army into Italy. They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. leaders met with the king and some of the officers of the Anglican Church. Some European explorers were inspired by the myth of Prester John, a Christian king rumored to be living somewhere in eastern Asia. In 1559 Elizabeth restored the Anglican Church, taking the title Supreme Governor of the Church. This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . During the Lancastrian War religious mystic Joan of Arc led French forces in victories against the English (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. In At the beginning of the Tudor era the religious houses owned as much as one-fourth of all land in England. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. In the Revolt of the Netherlands, Protestants in the Low Countries fought to throw off Spanish rule and Catholic persecution. official symbol of France, painted on his shield. They were at once the lay face of the church, the spiritual heart of civic government, and the social kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. After the battle at Ceuta, Henry became obsessed with gaining access to exotic markets in Africa. Introduction. The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. Louis's son, King Charles VIII (14701498; ruled 148398) then married Anne of Brittany (14771514) and merged Brittany, the last remaining The older of Edward's two infant sons was declared the rightful heir to the throne; he was to be known as King Edward V. Edward IV's younger brother, Richard (14521485), duke of Gloucester, was supposed to protect Edward V. Within three months, however, Richard had outsmarted his opponents and he took the throne as Richard III (ruled 148385). Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. Leaders of both the nobility and the middle class feared that their property would be seized by government forces, so they had lost the motivation to champion their political cause. The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. Charles's spokesmen claimed the troops had moved on Rome against They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. Rise of Kingdoms is a staggeringly huge mobile game. Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. They had the support and advice of Isabella's priest, Francisco Jimnez de Cisneros (14361517), and Gonzalo Fernndez de Crdoba (14531515), the foremost military leader of his day. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. Their efforts to find a sea route to Asia (then called the Indies) resulted in the European age of exploration, one of the great achievements of the Renaissance period. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. They knew that For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. He was put on trial and sentenced to death. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (Latin: imperium Francorum), was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks from the third to the tenth century.The Frankish realm was ruled as one polity subdivided into several regna (kingdoms or subkingdoms). After Boniface's death in 1303, Philip succeeded in having the seat of the papacy (office of the pope) moved from Rome, Italy, to Avignon, France. Alba's repression continued unchecked, but by 1573 Philip had seen enough. In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. For these reasons Henry VII was once considered England's first Renaissance ruler, and the English Renaissance was often dated to the beginning of his reign in 1485. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: . At the time, there were several factors which prevented the restoration of the empire as it had been in the 18th century, notably the rise of larger, more consolidated kingdoms in Germany, such as Bavaria, Saxony and Wrttemberg, as well as Prussia's interest in becoming a great power in Europe (rather than continue being a vassal to the . Nevertheless, his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. Cao Cao limit their power. However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). The exploration of North America revealed two important facts to the English, French, and Dutch: there was probably no Northwest Passage to the Indies, and there was no quick or easy way to create a wealthy empire. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. Edward died in 1553 at the age of sixteen, probably from pneumonia (a disease of the lungs) and possibly tuberculosis (a bacterial infection of the lungs). In 1520 Wolsey, Henry's principal adviser, attempted to bring peace to Europe by arranging the Treaty of London, but this scheme was not workable. (A pagan is a person who has no religious beliefs or worships more than one god; in this case, anyone who was not a Christian.) The first successful English colony in North America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was started in 1607 during the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. Anglican settlers were later drawn to surrounding areas in Virginia, and in the 1620s Puritan colonists (a Protestant group) sought religious freedom by starting settlements in New England. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . Philip the Fair was followed by three sons, each of whom reigned only briefly and left no direct male heirs. She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (15331603; ruled 15581603) is known as England's golden age. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. At the town of Tilbury, Elizabeth reviewed her small land army, which was clearly inadequate to take on the Spanish forces. The court burned hundreds of Huguenots (French Protestants) at the stake. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). The treaty required France's King Charles VI (13681422; ruled 13801422), an Orlanist, to give his daughter, Catherine of Valois (14011437), in marriage to Henry. In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. Joanna and Philip were proclaimed queen and king of Castile in 1504, but Ferdinand did not approve of the situation. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. From Turkey to Tonga and Japan to Jordan, royal families have overseen the development of their countries throughout history as heads of state, rulers, and . . This method of punishment, which was introduced by the Inquisition (an official Catholic Church court charged with finding heretics) supposedly drove evil spirits out of the sinners (see "Inquisition" in Chapters 1 and 7). This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. Archaeologists discover 300 burials in ancient Merovingian necropolis. Ferdinand and Isabella also took over a municipal league known as the Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood), which had provided mutual assistance and protection to its members for several centuries. After. In the Theses Luther listed his grievances with Roman Catholicism, such as his opposition to the practice of selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins). Initially reluctant to become involved, Elizabeth finally accepted the argument that England, as the chief Protestant power in Europe, had an obligation to aid Protestants elsewhere. The power of the Holy Roman Empire had dwindled, and princes (noblemen who ruled states)particularly in the more than two hundred principalities of Germanywere seeking independence. To many Europeans at the time, this was Philip's most impressive achievement. Although there was no mention of heirs, Spanish law stated that the monarchs' heir would inherit both kingdoms. Only eight Portuguese were killed. (See "England" section later in this chapter.). Numerous wealthy city-states competed for trade rights around the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, and the Italian Wars (a conflict between France and Spain for control in Italy) raged for sixty-four years (see "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. Meme Explained: This meme refers to the fact that by definition of Sun Tzu, a Chinese General, Strategist, Phillosopher and the author of the famous book, "the art of war", a kingdom once destroyed, cannot rise again to what it used to be. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. When Columbus returned from this "New World," Ferdinand and Isabella asked Pope Alexander VI to recognize Spain's authority over these new lands. For instance, Philip argued that he, as king, should be able to appoint bishops (officials who head church districts) and make governmental decisions without the consent of the pope. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. Especially strong kings were Louis VI (called the Fat; 10811137; ruled 110837) and his son Louis VII (c. 11201180; ruled 113780). The conflic, Catherine de' Medici After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. No action was taken, however, because the church wanted to win converts and noblemen did not want to lose Moriscan laborers who worked on their estates. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. Serfs started escaping to urban areas in search of work. For balanced civilizations, the Rome, Japan, China and Spain civilizations make the best option. In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. 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