/OCProperties << /StructParents 87 /Parent 15 0 R For instance, public policy decisions can be made by looking at decreasing state-administered tests in public schools if deficiencies in a particular subject are patent. /First 113 0 R << endobj The complex interaction between choice, admissions practices, house price and performance measures has led to segregation typified by schools with radically different profiles from their local communities. The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. /Contents 295 0 R >> >> /Font << School vouchers give families a greater level of flexibility. /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Properties << >> /MC0 129 0 R However, state-governed evaluations may soon come to an end. /TT2 121 0 R /Contents 131 0 R ERIC is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education. >> >> << /Parent 15 0 R 57 34 << /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /TT1 121 0 R /Properties << Prior to 1988 Local Education Authorities still had control over the education budgets for counties and they did not necessarily allocated funding to schools based on pupil numbers. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> endobj The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. >> /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page Twenty years after the introduction of the 1988 Education Reform Act (ERA), BELMAS (British Educational Leadership, Management & Administration Society) held a discussion forum for academics, teachers and all those interested in education policy and practice. /Contents 284 0 R My own conclusions for what is needed now include reform of school admissions and a broader definition of what we mean by success, one that goes beyond simple test and exam results. << /MC0 129 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /TT2 121 0 R >> << 86 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R << /StructParents 0 Marketisation is used to refer to a trend in education policy from the 1980s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses rather than institutions under the control of local government. /TT2 226 0 R /Properties << /StructParents 80 38 0 obj endobj Barely 10% of its pupils achieved five good GCSEs and attendance was chronically low. << >> /Contents 289 0 R - Encourages schools to compete and raise standards, - The more pupils, the more funding given to the school (FORMULA FUNDING), - Inequality widens between better performing schools in middle class areas and working class areas. 22 0 obj %PDF-1.4 >> << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] GCSEs and SATs were also introduced as part of the National Curriculum. /GS0 125 0 R 0000002642 00000 n /Resources << << /Parent 14 0 R The 1988 reforms played an unambiguous role in that improvement, says Phillips: They shone a spotlight on schools failing young people like this one.. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The main impact of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 is in establishing a Supreme Court as the highest appeal court. /Parent 17 0 R /StructParents 75 /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Kids [92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] The 1988 reform act led to league tables and the schools market - plus back-door selection and even corruption. >> /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R Just a note: pretty sure Ofsted was formed under the Education (Schools) Act in 1992 so technically not included in the ERA in 1988. so helpful for my sociology revision! They are academies . /ExtGState << >> /ExtGState << The idea of applying the market to something that isnt a market has bedevilled this policy from the start, says Phillips. The education reform movement as we have known it is over. >> >> >> >> /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 32 /Contents 287 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Font << 73 0 obj Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1944 Education Act (Butler Act), Comprehensive schooling 1965, Advantages and Disadvantages of comprehensive schools and more. >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT3 159 0 R /Usage << /StructParents 21 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R] /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << /Contents 293 0 R /Type /Page Stories of poor financial management, even corrupt practices, in the independent state school sector persist. /Properties << >> endstream endobj 58 0 obj < :>x)/P -44/R 2/U($AA;KSE)/V 1>> endobj 59 0 obj <> endobj 60 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 62 0 obj <> endobj 63 0 obj <> endobj 64 0 obj <> endobj 65 0 obj [/ICCBased 83 0 R] endobj 66 0 obj [/Separation/PANTONE#20Red#20032#20C 65 0 R 84 0 R] endobj 67 0 obj <> endobj 68 0 obj <> endobj 69 0 obj <. >> /Type /Page /StructParents 41 By 3 August 1944 the . << /Type /Pages /Resources << /Rotate 0 Approximately . /Parent 15 0 R >> H[F)NR/RgaUZU-eI|a c;93mo2w7D!E7>yO0OO8^i0&20*)D1$(Q6AK:;ZX#O85c(DgvXNh, The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences. /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R /F4 123 0 R 93 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> When Gary Phillips started his career as a young teacher, the education world was a radically different place. /Type /Page >> endobj /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /GS0 125 0 R The national curriculum required that all schools teach the same subject content from the age of 7-16. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] <]>> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << << /Resources << /TT2 159 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> Those schools that dont perform so well will go out of business and either close down or be taken over by new management who will run things more efficiently. /TT1 121 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> /StructParents 81 But perhaps the biggest weakness of the market has been the failure to guarantee enough good teachers and challenging schools that struggle in performance measures often find it the hardest to recruit good teachers. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Kids [22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R] /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Contents 259 0 R >> The unease Phillips voices about the market reforms came through interviews with many of the key players in recent education reform. /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 305 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R It provided Three Core Subjects, Maths, English and Science, and Seven Foundation Subjects, Art, Music, Technology, History, Geography, A modern Foreign Language, and PE. >> /TT1 121 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /StructParents 72 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj Probably the strongest piece of supporting evidence for the New Rights policies on education is that they have worked to improve GCSE results nearly every year for the last 30 years. Advantages. /StructParents 66 /Type /Page >> /Properties << >> /Rotate 0 An Act to amend the law relating to education. 51 0 obj The Education Reform Act is then explored with reference to the revised correspondence principle. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << 109 0 obj /Resources << /Parent 14 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /StructParents 59 /Properties << /StructParents 51 >> >> /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 265 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] NAFTA has six main advantages, according to a Congressional Research Service report prepared in 2017. /Type /Pages Established in 1993, OFSTED is the government organisation that inspects schools. /Parent 14 0 R /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /TT1 226 0 R 0000007728 00000 n Parent choice and competition had barely registered on the national consciousness. /Resources << Created by: jocastle; Created on: 06-05-16 12:51; Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. The head, Gary Phillips, has turned the school around. 4 The agreement reduced and eliminated tariffs. endobj /Parent 13 0 R 58 0 obj >> endobj >> << The antics at the Durand Academy, relieved of its funding agreement by the Department for Education, have been well documented and watched closely by neighbouring schools such as like LIlian Baylis. endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 0000001418 00000 n /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 231 0 R >> /Dest [23 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] >> << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences Tuomo Ruotanen /GS0 125 0 R The most far-reaching package of changes to the previously 'un-meritocrial' education system was introduced in the 1988 Education Reform Act. /Resources << >> >> >> The biggest of these changes were the 'marketisation' of education and the introduction of the 'new vocationalism', which . 0000035523 00000 n /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 159 0 R The Education Reform Act, 1988, has been greeted as an ill wind by many sections of the educational establishment. /Properties << << /GS0 125 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << /GS0 125 0 R 44 0 obj >> /Contents 299 0 R Young people want the kudos of entering a profession which is valued by their peers. /Resources << Registered in England & Wales No. More lands have been brought to government possession for distribution to landless farmers. One recent 2018 survey of primary school teachers found that more than 90% of primary school teachers think SATS impact negatively on their pupils well-being. >> /TT0 120 0 R 0000010001 00000 n /Rotate 0 /XObject << 29 0 obj /StructParents 19 /Prev 113 0 R 39 0 obj /Properties << /Type /Pages /ExtGState << /TT1 121 0 R /Parent 10 0 R /TT3 159 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << /Properties << /Rotate 0 The education received throughout a childhood determines how the future will be for the new generation. /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 13 0 R /Resources << >> /Parent 14 0 R >> /Resources << >> /Type /Page Societies with high rates of education completion have lower crime, better overall health, and civic involvement. Central to the advantage of facial recognition is that it enables the computerized and automated processing of biometric data based on the digital image or live video feed of a person for a variety of purposes or applications. /TT0 120 0 R Children were regularly assessed to establish whether they were meeting key stages appropriate to their . >> Indeed, it is rapidly becoming a full-time Lowering taxation and reducing government spending. /Parent 12 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 17 0 R endobj /Contents 250 0 R /Rotate 0 /TT1 226 0 R Even so it has hardly proved an ill wind for publishers and, among others, for beleaguered academics anxious to improve their publication ratings in time for the next research review. /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /StructParents 82 /Parent 9 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> /Font << >> Proposing abolition of fees, maintenance grants and division of primary and secondary schools, this legislation was opposed by the Church of England and Roman Catholic communities, which feared loss of control to Local Education Authorities (LEAs). /MC0 129 0 R 0000001632 00000 n because classrooms contain students of all abilities, brighter pupils are held-back as the weaker learners catch-up, a problem critics says grammar schools don't have. /MarkedPDF << /ExtGState << >> /TT1 121 0 R /Font << Although the number of these class-rooms has declined recently, many educa- >> /Parent 11 0 R /ExtGState << /Font << /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R /Resources << /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Type /Page << /TT0 120 0 R endobj /StructParents 42 >> /Parent 17 0 R education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships). /C2_0 232 0 R endobj endobj /TT2 226 0 R /TT2 226 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] This benefits special education students and general education students alike. << endobj /Parent 16 0 R /TT1 121 0 R Focusing on exam results and league table position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is put on them to perform well in SATS. /Resources << >> /Resources << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The idea was that parents would have more choice and control over their children's education. << 105 0 obj /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Rotate 0 /Contents 288 0 R /Kids [32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R] >> >> /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R endobj /ExtGState << /TT3 159 0 R /Last 19 0 R /ExtGState << /Type /Page /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 43 0 obj /Filter /FlateDecode /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Title /OCGs [7 0 R] /TT1 226 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /TT0 120 0 R << /Properties << /Font << << The 1988 reform act led to league tables and the schools market plus back-door selection and even corruption, School market supporters argue the case for the defence. /Rotate 0 >> /StructParents 60 /ExtGState << They might in fact give extra money (in per pupil terms) to schools which were struggling to attract students in order to help them improve. << /ExtGState << /Font << Disadvantages of Inclusive Education. /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 6.0 \(Windows\)) /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 228 0 R /TT0 120 0 R Not all students learn at the same pace or have the same skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities. endobj >> /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 46 << People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. >> << /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page Parental choice directly affects the school budget every extra pupil means extra money for the school. >> >> endobj /Font << 45 0 obj /Type /Page Sheldon Berman, Beyond discord: Resolving the tensions between charter and pu. /Type /Page critical areas of reform which the policymakers may consider in crafting legislative interventions to broaden and reinforce further the gains of land reform in the country. /GS0 125 0 R /Resources << 76 0 obj /ExtGState << Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. >> /Contents 256 0 R /Font << 90 0 obj 36 0 obj endobj /Contents 306 0 R 0000005213 00000 n /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R History. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 2 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 233 0 R >> To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 39 /TT0 120 0 R The school you go to still depends on where you live we see parents swapping council houses to come here. 0 /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 >> >> /Title (The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences ) /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] *SJj4Tf /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R The 1988 Education Reform Act introduced a National Curriculum, which was a return to traditional subjects similar to the old Grammar school Model. /Kids [102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R] For better or for worse, for sheer impact the Education Reform Act of 1988 still trumps anything Labour has put up since 1997. << 78 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /SubType /HF >> >> /Font << %%EOF /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page /StructParents 64 /Parent 11 0 R >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The Middle Classes have more effective choice because of their higher incomes, The Middle classes have more effective choice because of their greater cultural and social capital, Schools become more selective they are more likely to want pupils who are likely to do well. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] %PDF-1.3 % /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Schools see middle class students as easy to teach and likely to perform well. >> 97 0 obj >> /StructParents 74 /Properties << >> /ModDate (D:20040618121405+03'00') >> >> >> /GS0 125 0 R endobj 14 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 17 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> /Parent 12 0 R >> /Properties << >> /TT1 121 0 R The 'funding formula' means school funding is determined by pupil numbers and nothing relating to class; . endobj >> 2 0 obj Popular schools havent expanded to accommodate all comers, as pure market advocates predicted, and failing schools have proved hard to close down. This thesis reports on research that explored the impact of the Education Reform Act (ERA) (1988) on the provision of Physical Education (PE) and sport in state schools within one Local Education Authority (LEA) in England. /StructParents 77 /Parent 10 0 R endobj >> /MC0 129 0 R It is usually the benefits of education that are extolled from time to time and there is much strength in that argument since the one thing that separates man from animals is the ability to advance knowledge and expertise from . >> It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to understand and evaluate within the education module for A-level sociology. /Dest [103 0 R /XYZ 0 751 null] /Resources << /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] A science . /Type /Page /Resources << 99 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> 111 0 obj endobj The 1988 Education act gave more power to parents to choose which school to send their children too and more power to heads of school to manage their own budget, and these two changes together meant that Local Education Authorities lost a lot of their control over how education was managed at the county level. /Properties << 42 0 obj >> The idea is particularly associated with policies inspired by the New Right and with the Education Reform . >> Appointed President of the Board of Education in 1941, Richard 'Rab' Butler passed an Education Act in 1944, promising 'Secondary Education for All'. << /Next 19 0 R It shows how an informed educational philosophy helps us respond to . /Font << /TT2 121 0 R /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /Font << >> /ExtGState << >> >> The law has three basic objectives: Make more individuals eligible for affordable health insurance. /Rotate 0 Education Reform Act 1988 Learning Objectives: To understand the main changes that occurred in 1988 29. /TT1 226 0 R >> /TT1 226 0 R /Type /Pages /Resources << 0000019248 00000 n /Resources << /ExtGState << /Count 10 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /Rotate 0 /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R /Contents 260 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Pages endobj /Resources << Coleman (1992), however, /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R /Font << The 1988 Education Reform Act was based on the principles of making schools more competitive (marketisation) and giving parents choice (parentocracy). xref /TT2 226 0 R It has stirred up heated responses from supporters of both sides in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and among overseas Chinese communities with its implications of political ideology and cultural identity. The tables are published in many newspapers and online. << /TT0 120 0 R 0000001551 00000 n /Resources << /Parent 16 0 R endobj /Font << Avoidance of long commuting times to school. /TT1 226 0 R /Resources << /StructParents 6 charts developments since the 1988 Act and calls for a Royal Commission to undertake a root-and-branch investigation into the politicisation of education. 1988 CHAPTER 40. 0000008485 00000 n /MC0 129 0 R endobj /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << << /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 219 0 R /Resources << /Font << >> 0000000994 00000 n Extend Medicaid coverage to include all people . /StructParents 55 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Contents 221 0 R By Cyril John Barlongo. /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 230 0 R << >> /Parent 19 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> /Properties << /Font << /Rotate 0 /Parent 3 0 R Phillips, who seriously considered academy conversion for his school but decided to stay within Lambeth local authority, believes the innovative instincts behind the early academies have evaporated in the rush for mass academisation. /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /Resources << /Type /Page /MC0 129 0 R The aim of this policy is to raise standards. However, an important point to keep in mind is that correlation doesnt necessarily mean causation GCSE results may have improved over the last 30 years WITHOUT marketisation policies. /PageElement << /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 . 62 0 obj /Font << /Type /Page << /Rotate 0 This started off the process of schools marketing themselves to parents to increase demand for their schools. But performance measures (such as the new Progress 8) have now become impenetrable to most parents so may not even be helpful for exercising choice. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Also, just because powerful governments have expanded marketisation on a global scale, this doesnt necessarily mean it works for everyone, and there are plenty of criticisms of the negative consequences of the 1988 Education Act as below, Below I summarize EIGHT criticisms of the 1988 Education Act, Concern has been expressed over the harmful effects of over-testing on pupils, especially younger pupils. >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Properties << /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /Font << >> /Type /Page /Font << 54 0 obj /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 6.0 for Word) /Parent 10 0 R /TT2 226 0 R /TT1 121 0 R The New Right introduced school league tables in which schools were ranked based on their exam performance in SATs, GCSES, and A levels. << /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R 95 0 obj /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 0000006904 00000 n 89 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R 28 0 obj >> /Type /Page He has led efforts to improve public education as a teacher, principal, researcher, and advocate for 30 years. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 13 /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /Properties << >> /Parent 16 0 R /Count 10 /Contents 254 0 R >> The advantages and disadvantages of the above mentioned land reforms are as follows: Abolition of intermediaries: The abolition of intermediaries has led to the end of a parasite class. << /MC0 129 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R And Phillipss school, Lilian Baylis Technology School, in Lambeth, south London, would appear to exemplify the benefits of this approach to public services. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. /TT0 120 0 R >> /ExtGState << /TT1 226 0 R >> /TT2 159 0 R << >> The following overview of the evolution of ESEA and federal standards-based education reform policy is presented to contextualize ESSA and help inform how states respond to the new law. /GS0 125 0 R 61 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << /Properties << 94 0 obj >> And also there are some advantages the society and the economy can get from the k-12 program such as: The economy will experience accelerated growth in the long run. /StructParents 68 /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R endobj /StructParents 65 /Rotate 0 /TT1 121 0 R >> The 1988 Education Reform Act was based on the principles of making schools more competitive (marketisation) and giving parents choice (parentocracy). 13 0 obj >> /Properties << This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. /StructParents 58 endobj endobj /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << According to the results, the 1988 Education Reform Act has had a strong impact on teaching in the British primary schools. Both brought with them changes that are . /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 47 /ExtGState << >> From a Neoliberal and New Right perspective the above is fundamentally flawed logic as it means that successful schools which are attracting more pupils are subsidising worse performing schools and so the 1988 Act required that LEASs hand over their money directly to schools based on pupil numbers (formula funding) which removed the power of LEAs to control local budgets. /Parent 11 0 R >> Gage, N.L. /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 121 0 R >> /Rotate 0 /Kids [62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R] >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> /Font << >> /Parent 12 0 R >> /Type /Page /Resources << /Type /Pages /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /First 18 0 R stream /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 33 0 obj /Rotate 0 /Resources << << /Rotate 0 >> >> /Type /Page /StructParents 20 >> /TT1 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Nums [0 21 0 R] /Properties << /Parent 12 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 7 >> /Parent 3 0 R /GS0 125 0 R << endobj /Type /Page /MC0 129 0 R /Font << /GS0 125 0 R 116 0 obj /Parent 10 0 R << /Font << /Type /Pages >> /LastModified (D:20040616154335) /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /StructParents 9 >> endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 56 /Properties << << << All that changed 30 years ago this summer with the introduction of the 1988 Education Reform Act, a huge piece of legislation that introduced the national curriculum and the idea of diversity and a schools market in which parents would vote with their feet, in theory encouraging the best schools to expand and the worst to improve or close. 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