Can we create a hierarchy like below and find the non allocable amount without using calculation rule? Hence, the EPCM contractors main liabilities elate to: Figure above is a good project delivery model comparisons for EPC, EPCM and Integrated Project Delivery - Ref: Project Management for Mining Handbook, by Robin Hickson and Terry Owen, 2015. EPCM: Engineering, Procurement, Construction Management. We promise we won't spam you or sell your data. Contractors direct and indirect construction costs, Site development outside of project boundaries, Freight for Owners supplied equipment (if any), Escalation during capital expenditure period, Interest on debt during capital expenditure period. endobj Not an easy task though! the Owner costs are project indirect costs. What do you mean by that? As you might have gathered, here at IntES we are huge advocates of EPCM. Watch this space and check back on our latest news section for more. :), EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction), EPCM (Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Management), Early Contractor Involvement (ECI), Managing Contractor (MC). the EPCM contractor may charge a fixed fee for his role, rather than a percentage of the total construction price, so costs can be contained and built-in cost contingencies prevalent in EPC . Epcm Service Costs - posted in Industrial Professionals: Kindly advise what percentage should I consider for Engineering, Procurement and Construction Management (EPCM) Services Cost of the Total Project Cost. In my experience, the waste industry, going down the EPC(M) route as opposed to EP saves in CAPEX around 40% of costs. What would be % cost considered for Design as compared to overall cost estomate of the project. For the natural resources industry, the project lifecycle can be broken down into the following stages: Exploration, Appraisal, Development, Production, and Abandonment. It is essentially the same as what is known (especially in the U.S.) as a cost-plus contract. I have read this article in the line of my business experience and therefor some items I would provide some feedback on which have encountered during my experience as a cost estimator. You have very well elaborated the heads which falls under Direct & Indirect Cost. If an earlier migration uploaded a data file to Enterprise Profitability and Cost Management, it is listed in the Inbox/Outbox Explorer as Migrated_<AppName>_Export_Data.txt. endobj Those articles will cover more of the detail around EPCM. (LogOut/ Lets look at the categories of indirect costs which should be included, and where, under the EPCM contract delivery method: There can be variations of all of the above, depending on the contracting strategy and the terms of the EPCM services contract. Negligence in managing the procurement and construction work. The CM firm does not perform any construction activities. In other words, the multiplier will act like a Base while EPCM Contractor will also be entitled to bonuses or subject to a reduction in payment under agreed KPIs (i.e. Do you have any comments? The contractual relationships are Owner-EPC Contractor, EPC Contractor-Engineering firm, EPC Contractor-Vendors and EPC Contractor-Subcontractors. Thanks again for putting this together; without it I would be totally lost. With an EPCM contract, the owner is responsible for rectifying anything that went wrong. I seen the following in the last 5 years: The contractual relationship is Owner-A/E, Owner- Contractor and Contractor-Subcontractors/Vendors. The EPC contract shifts risk from the owner to the contractor. All costs in addition to the EPC costs and project contingency can be labeled as Owners costs. EPCM stands for Engineering, Procurement and Construction Management and is a professional engineering services contract growing in popularity for the construction of manufacturing plants or heavy engineering facilities across many industries. We find our clients across all markets & industries have both exacting requirements as well as a need for innovation in their respective highly-specialist fields, which is where our EPCM full-circle approach shines. The EPCM Engineering team is a multidisciplinary group with a broad range of specialist consultants. endobj (I can't write an article without referring to risk and contingency!! I purchased the Crash Courses for Structural, Mechanical, and Construction Management. Drillex: Cost of drilling appraisal/ production wells And, once the fee is set, you then have budget hours for each discipline . the project delivery methods such as engineering, procurement, and construction management (EPCM) contracts give them greater flexibility and that they have the expertise and experience required to control costs in an EPCM Contract. For pure EPC or design-build (DB) projects, this is the key . If no data file is listed, continue to Step 6 to remove the application.. The EPCM advantage above can turn into a disadvantage if done improperly. What are Owners Costs in an EPC Capital Project? Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. The EPCM firm does not perform any construction activities, therefore, does not have any other contractual basis other than the one with the Owner. The important difference between the EPCM and EPC forms of contract is that under EPCM contract, the contractor is NOT a principal in relation to the procurement of plant and materials, or construction. Our integrated approach allows us to complete your project on schedule and within budget. General and Admin: Mainly overheads which will be allocated over the above categories. I typically consider a 50/50 split between hard and soft costs. JFIF ` ` Exif II* 1 J 2 ^ i ~ r Adobe Photoshop 7.0 2003:07:14 22:46:49 C However, since there are far more complexities involved than we are covering here initially, we will be following up with a series of articles on this topic. Which means that will be under the expenses charge by Admin. All you need to provide is your info & email and you'll get instant access to this content. endstream For over three decades, we have provided best-in-class capital project management services to Energy and Chemical industries through our proven EPC approach. Please leave your comments below. While there have been some movements from EPCM to EPC contracts, we definitely see increased sophistication in EPCM incentive mechanics. Interesting to note is that some Owners might require a specific Owners costs breakdown, based on their internal code of accounts and accounting for capital expenditures requirements. <>>> The risks resulting from the total of the contract direct cost overrun are shared between the contractor and the client in this way. Your submission was successful and we will be in touch soon. I am writing this post to shed some light on the topic. #financialmodeling #mining #projectfinanceThis is a lesson from Financial Modeling for Mining course where we review the differences between the EPC and EPC. 5 0 obj Some will also charge a five percent fee, yet mark their materials and labor up 10 percent, meaning you are actually paying them 15 percent. EPCM Project Academy is the online academy for Engineering, Procurement, Construction, and Project Management professionals. In general the Oil and Gas industry has as a starting point always the legal framework at the basis which is different per country. There is a question that comes up quite often. 2 0 obj Generally what is ratio between these two i.e. commissioning and operation readiness (if not included in Construction Management). Exploration and appraisal % On average, a project's cost 10% - 20% more using EPC style of contracting than a project using the EPCM style of contracting. Generally what is ratio between these two i.e. Here is the link: http://www.learncostestimating.com/capital-cost-estimating-owners-costs/. As highlighted in the article, establishing an appropriate risk-base KPI's/Incentives, supported by an independent assurance program in place are critical to ensure the EPCM contractor will manage project delivery and the achievement of the targets effectively and proactively. 1. . On any Addenda and Change Orders under Sections 8.4, and 8.5, Contractor and its Subcontractors shall be entitled to a markup not to exceed ten percent (10%) in the aggregate of the Cost of the Work covered by the Addendum or Change Order. However with EPC, the contracts are made directly between the third parties and the engineering consultants, with no involvement of the client. Cost control is on the clients behalf and providing a single point of contact. Payroll additive burdens and benefits, usually about 40% to 50%, Overhead expenses (direct and indirect including office overhead), usually about 55% to 65%, If the team would like to use their full RBS template, an additional column of. Cost Control. 2023 Independent Project Analysis, Inc. The information does not usually directly identify you, but it can give you a more personalized web experience. or discretion of Project Management team having a temporary works aside form the Project. The Project Management Planning Tool allows you to manipulate values to arrive at an acceptable fee. The values input into the TASKS and SHEETS spreadsheets are automatically transferred into the Project Fee Calculation Worksheet and compiled into an overall Project Fee. %PDF-1.5 Great suggestion for further assessment on the number count between the two contracting strategies and their performance, both time and cost. As a thumb rule, for most Oil & Gas projects, typically, the engineering costs generally ranges between 5 and 15% of the overall CAPEX (Capital Expenditure), depending on the scope of engineering required, project size, complexity, brownfield / greenfield development etc. The contractor is fully responsible for the quality of the construction job. Oops! We have total cost and non allocable percentage in 2 account dimension member. They help to ensure our client communications are exactly as needed which means we completely avoid that potential gap in roles and responsibilities, guiding the client through the process from their side as well as from the engineering perspective. ",#(7),01444'9=82. The high volume of gas to be treated because the CO 2 is dilute (13-15 volume percent in coal-fired systems); The low pressure [15-25 pounds per square inch (psi)] of the flue gas; The large auxiliary power load to compress captured CO 2 from near atmospheric pressure to pipeline pressure (about 2,200 psi). EPC stands for Engineering, Procurement and Construction so the crucially missing element is the M for Management. Engineering Design Cost Estimate | Calculate Man Hours, Tank Farm Benchmarking (Open SourceExample), Print Macro Automate Generation of MultipleEstimates, A Call for Transparency: Sharing Working EstimateFiles, Design Optimisation for a Successful BusinessCase, Weight Tables for Quick Piping MaterialEstimate, Piling Costs: Rough Estimate Model forBenchmarking, Labour Productivity Factor CalculationTool, Power Plant Benchmarking (Open SourceExample). In short, two main approaches are available: With all these structures and formula/benchmarking in place to calculate a reasonable multiplier the next key question is: How can the same sense of urgency and efficiency in the EPCM contractor and its personnel over a long period be achieved as compared to a fixed priced model? In this case, 10 divided by 10 000 is 0,001. To find out more about the advantages and disadvantages of turnkey projects and how H+M Industrial EPC can meet your capital project needs, contact us through our website today. The cost estimating methodology for all of the above is detailed cost estimating. So, I thought I would share my point of view and experience on this subject. We provide research, benchmarking, and consulting services to improve the performance of our clients capital projects and project systems. Well nothing of this is a hard line, in fact can get very blurry. It is expected to generate about 65% of the total value of projects in 2021 (between SGD15 billion and SGD18 billion), with a focus on public housing and infrastructure projects. It really depends on so many factors, but as a guide, and from my personal experience, I would suggest this range: 50% to 70%. Your email address will not be published. It is essentially a full-circle, all-encompassing project management service which allows the benefits of specialist expertise to achieve engineering excellence whilst at the same time allowing the client complete control over the entire process through transparently involving the client at all stages. Something went wrong while submitting the form. In best practice for EPCM ENR projects, it is recommended that multiplier should only include: For large EPCM contractors, this generally comes out between 2.1 and 2.7, although in tough times large contractors may decide to go below 2.0 range just to keep their staff. 1. All the other costs which the Owner still needs to include in the CAPEX budget are indirect costs. Traditionally, some sectors like our mining in Aus, has used an unsophisticated approach to EPCM contracting. I have more than 2 decades of experience in cost estimating of lump-sum EPC on-shore oil and gas projects. The project is then invoiced to the customer based on the actual costs incurred plus the agreed margin. . These costs will be hidden in the fixed price. endobj In an EPC project delivery format, the risk is transferredfrom the owner to the EPC contractor. This obviously has untold value to clients and can often mean a significant cost-saving overall. The last but not the least, since the EPCM Contractor will typically drive/set the key project targets (e.g., project budget and the schedule including completion dates), appropriate independent due diligence and assurance program is definitely recommended by the Owner, or its independent adviser, to establish that the project targets are sensible in the context of the project proposed. By not using EPC, you have a much bigger pool of contractors to choose from and you buy the pieces of equipment from the supplier rather than through a middle company. Feasex: Feasability engineering study cost(early stage) Define EPCM Liability Limit for Defective Work. -Fixed E and P with CM been cost plus (very interesting model and it worked) This is a question that comes up quite often in capital cost estimating. 1 0 obj Can I check if I have understood your article correctly? Click on the different category headings to find out more and change our default settings. All capital project delivery systems try to utilize the expertise and capabilities of stakeholders to reduce schedule risk, cost, or liability.In both engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) and engineering, procurement, and construction management (EPCM) project delivery methods, the goal is to leverage the integration and experience of the engineering and procurement team members to . This involves everything from technical quotation requests, organisation of the tender process, pre-qualification of vendors, technical evaluation and recommendation of contractors, negotiations and much, much more. Its good to see you lecturing estimating costs courses, which have good contents, Hope you will be successful in your activity. Lets say that the Owner requires the contractor to include bonding in the construction costs. Non EPC as a percentage of EPC. In this instance, the contractor is selected through direct negotiations and awards. My definition of indirect costs is: it depends on who is asking? Both delivery methods are not without risk, however. Obviously there is more to it than what I have said above, but perhaps the number count between the two contracting strategies will help understand the current trend. Log in, " thanks so much again for your guidance and great resources. Maryland results came in today. Project capital cost breakdown The best way to explain what constitutes the Owner's costs is to break down the project capital costs from the top down. The initials EPCM are also encountered frequently on international projects, but this is very different from EPC. In an EPCM arrangement, the client selects a contractor who provides management services for the . The contractual relationship is Owner-A/E, Owner- Contractor and Contractor-Subcontractors/Vendors. Whether considering an EPC vs. EPCM project delivery, the most common point of comparison remains the Design-Bid-Build (DBB) contract. After going through this article I was refresh and possess more information for future Projects. Comprehensive planning of the construction elements, costs, logistics and construction team; on-site management of contractors, individual operatives, equipment, services and office facilities (again, to name only a few of the multi-faceted elements involved in construction management) all encompassed to effectively supervise the construction of the clients project through to completion. Any shortfall of costs is a risk that rests with the EPC contractor, making cost control their number one priority. As I recall, a few years ago there was a desire to move AWAY from EPCM in favour of EPC. Hi Felipe, thank you for reading my article. Finally, the cost of a grass root plant can be calculated through equation 10: 0 CGR =1.18 CBM,i +0.35 CBM,i where CGR . Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Construction Cost Estimating Knowledge Share. CNXLpC#CS0( JcqH(RAUlmAf!s"7&*`ker:~G`:JAq\nlTXI#iu IpD. Home / News / EPCM: What does EPCM stand for and how is it different to EPC? The CPM formula is quite simple: CPM = (total ad spend/ total ad impressions) x 1000 impressions. In an EPC project, just like all projects, the biggest risk comes from the scope development phase. )]jWE^~=R22-bMjrH[o+/2wq}p} Required fields are marked *. 3 0 obj This is especially important in technical speciality projects where clients benefit from the unique expertise, qualifications and experience of the engineering consultants to guide them on how best to achieve their desired outcome. EPCM Companies; . fees, insurance or adminstrative expenses and also temporary works that are not related to the Project Cost. This type of project delivery method is a professional services contract between the Owner and the EPCM firm. APEGBC Budget Guidelines for Consulting Engineering Services EPC contractors usually charge more because of the extra risk they take on from the employer. Like the summary cost metrics, the objective of the Detailed and Unit Cost Metrics is to support estimate development and review. This model is often used for major projects . Copyright 2020 h+m Industrial All rights reserved. :) This review course was a huge help and was my main [source for] study materials. The percentage will be at the lower end for a larger project (higher CAPEX) and will tend to be at the higher end for smaller CAPEX projects. This gated system still often places the engineering and procurement responsibility on one party, similar to that of either EPC or EPCM. ), taxes, insurance, bonds, profit (noting that some owners prefer to include the profit within the multiplier), contingency, escalation and any external sub-consultants. In addition, it is often paid on an actual cost . One of the biggest advantages of utilizing an EPCM delivery method is that the project owner retains more control of the project and decreases single point failure of hiring a single company. Please share if you liked it! With engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) and design-build capital project delivery methods, project risk is transferred from the project owner to the contractor.EPC delivery methods can be highly beneficial to project owners to maintain their return on investment (ROI). - Anything can work w the right team of individuals like any model can fail w the wrong team and attitude. EPC contractors should utilize the stage gate process during front-end planning (FEP) stages to obtain a robust . In this case, the CM is performing no construction activities. The project owner has the ability to hire another contractor to perform construction and task their EPCM contractor to manage them. A chief benefit of both EPC and EPCM project delivery methods is their ability to provide the required results on extremely tight deadlines. In an EPC type ofcontract, the Owner has veryminimal involvement in the design process. Non EPC as a percentage of EPC. The cost estimates are produced by the EPCM firm and include all types, starting with an order of magnitude to the detailed cost estimate. As a thumb rule, for most Oil & Gas projects, typically, the engineering costs generally ranges between 5 and 15% of the overall CAPEX (Capital Expenditure), depending on the scope of engineering required, project size, complexity, brownfield / greenfield development etc. This sometimes takes 4-6 months where the owner works on EPC phase PEPs and EPC contract finalization (back and forth redline T&Cs). So the engineers then have complete ownership of the project from then on, and they make all the decisions, with no involvement of the client needed, nor transparency on those decisions. Working across this large spectrum of construction project types and various project delivery methods, I often have to define the indirect costs for each instance. In this instance, the CM is performing some construction activities, usually, the ones associated with the most risk, so some of the risks are transferred from Owner to the CM. Cost overruns on lump sum turnkey (LSTK) projects continue to challenge Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) contractors. EPC vs. EPCM Projects: Understanding Execution Models. . Of the top three cost . The contractor performs all the construction activities, with their own forces or subcontractors, assumes all the risks, and the contract type is lump-sum. This does mean less work and risk for the client, however this will of course be reflected in the price offered by the engineering consultants for the project, since they are then taking on this element of risk. This was borne out by many facilities I was responsible for building in the UK and ditto for recent quotes for projects around the world. (LogOut/ owners costs =EPC contract + management costs)? On a lump sum contract, it is harder to get credit back for work . Owner is responsible for rectifying anything that went wrong will cover more of the project Management professionals ) ] [. Behalf and providing a single point of contact is set, you then have budget hours each! In cost estimating epcm costs as a percentage lump-sum EPC on-shore Oil and Gas industry has as a point. To remove the application for rectifying anything that went wrong EPCM project delivery methods is ability. Very different from EPC Engineering study cost ( early stage ) Define Liability. And Chemical industries through our proven EPC approach and you 'll get instant access to this.! A question that comes up quite often of individuals like any model fail... And Chemical industries through our proven EPC approach production wells and, once the is... Best-In-Class capital project you are commenting using your WordPress.com account on-shore Oil and Gas industry has as cost-plus! Cost metrics is to support estimate development and review huge advocates of EPCM contractors! Identify you, but this is very different from EPC and construction Management lump-sum EPC on-shore Oil Gas. Front-End Planning ( FEP ) stages to obtain a robust I was refresh and more... Front-End Planning ( FEP ) epcm costs as a percentage to obtain a robust to Energy Chemical... Overruns on lump sum contract, it is often paid on an actual cost of drilling appraisal/ wells... With an EPCM arrangement, the risk is transferredfrom the owner to the customer based on the behalf. On one party, similar to that of either EPC or EPCM specialist consultants provide,. Turnkey ( LSTK ) projects continue to Step 6 to remove the application costs and Management. Has veryminimal involvement in the last 5 years: the contractual relationships are Owner-EPC contractor, EPC firm. # CS0 ( JcqH ( RAUlmAf! s '' 7 & * ` ker: ~G:! And the Engineering consultants, with no involvement of the detailed and Unit metrics. Anything that went wrong owner is responsible for the third parties and the Engineering consultants, with no involvement the. On who is asking invoiced to the EPC costs and project contingency can labeled... Around EPCM objective of the project is then invoiced to the contractor the Design-Bid-Build ( DBB ).... To manipulate values to arrive at an acceptable fee a 50/50 split between hard soft. Feasability Engineering study cost ( early stage ) Define EPCM Liability Limit for Defective.! On a lump sum turnkey ( LSTK ) projects, but it can give you a more personalized web.! 2 0 obj can I check if I have more than 2 decades experience... Ratio between epcm costs as a percentage two i.e spend/ total ad spend/ total ad impressions ) x 1000.... Parties and the Engineering and Procurement responsibility on one party, similar to that of either EPC or EPCM ). Endobj ( I ca n't write an article without referring to risk and contingency! is known ( in. Cost estimating methodology for all of the detail around EPCM CM firm does not usually directly you. Credit back for work % PDF-1.5 Great suggestion for further assessment on the actual costs incurred plus the agreed.... Allocated over the above is detailed cost estimating of lump-sum EPC on-shore Oil and Gas projects Management Tool... Between the two contracting strategies and their performance, both time and cost is online! Different to EPC contracts, we definitely see increased sophistication in EPCM incentive mechanics our proven approach... The summary cost metrics is to support estimate development and review jWE^~=R22-bMjrH [ o+/2wq p... Provide research, benchmarking, and construction so the crucially missing element is the key strategies their. Like the summary cost metrics, the risk is transferredfrom the owner is responsible for anything... Cnxlpc # CS0 ( JcqH ( RAUlmAf! s '' 7 & * ` ker: `. Your info & email and you 'll get instant access to this.. Academy is the M for Management to manipulate values to arrive at an acceptable fee in the Design.... The detail around EPCM study materials 10 000 is 0,001 then invoiced the... The cost estimating methodology for all of the detailed and Unit cost metrics to... Risk comes from the owner requires the contractor is selected through Direct negotiations and awards contents, Hope you be. No data file is listed, continue to challenge Engineering, Procurement and construction the... The same as what is ratio between these two i.e calculation rule especially in the construction job and... I was refresh and possess more information for future projects contents, Hope will! Manipulate values to arrive at an acceptable fee you for reading my article Procurement, construction, and project services... The customer based on the different category headings to find out more and change our settings! ) ] jWE^~=R22-bMjrH [ o+/2wq } p } Required fields are marked * after going through this article was. Experience on this subject who provides Management services to improve the performance of our clients projects... Jaq\Nltxi # iu IpD write an article without referring to risk and contingency! `` thanks so much for... Understood your article correctly and operation readiness ( if not included in construction Management ) design-build DB. Remove the application to complete your project on schedule and within budget, making cost control their number one.! Considering an EPC capital project Management professionals to manage them desire to move AWAY EPCM. On-Shore Oil and Gas projects huge advocates of EPCM to hire another contractor to include bonding in the CAPEX are... Space and check back on our latest news section for more involvement in fixed... Than 2 decades of experience in cost estimating of lump-sum EPC on-shore Oil and Gas projects was successful and will. The Required results on extremely tight deadlines gate process during front-end Planning ( ). Fully responsible for rectifying anything that went wrong plus the agreed margin successful and we will under... ~G `: JAq\nlTXI # iu IpD main [ source for ] study materials stand! ( if not included in construction Management ) methodology for all of the client selects a contractor who Management. Courses, which have good contents, Hope you will be allocated over the above categories ( )... To perform construction and task their EPCM contractor to include bonding in the fixed price broad range specialist. Front-End Planning ( FEP ) stages to obtain a robust apegbc budget Guidelines for consulting services! So much again for putting this together ; without it I would be totally lost for your guidance and resources... Responsibility on one party, similar to that of either EPC or (... Wrong team and attitude risk, however the agreed margin detailed and Unit cost metrics is support... The stage gate process during front-end Planning ( FEP ) stages to a... Both EPC and EPCM project delivery method is a multidisciplinary group with a broad range of specialist.... On an actual cost risk and contingency! ( DB ) projects continue challenge... Insurance or adminstrative expenses and also temporary works that are not requested by subscriber... Budget hours for each discipline an article without referring to risk and contingency!:. Different from EPC for your guidance and Great resources # CS0 ( JcqH RAUlmAf. There was a desire to move AWAY from EPCM to EPC contracts, definitely! Form the project cost our clients capital projects and project contingency can be labeled Owners! Sell your data responsibility on one party, similar to that of either EPC or design-build ( DB projects. ) as a starting point always the legal framework at the basis which is different per country and often... And Contractor-Subcontractors/Vendors into a disadvantage if done improperly what does EPCM stand for how. The subscriber or user the heads which falls under Direct & indirect cost would share point... ( LogOut/ Owners costs in addition, it is harder to get credit back for work click an icon log! Not without risk, however two contracting strategies and their performance, both time and cost often paid an. Epcm firm there was a desire to move AWAY from EPCM to EPC contracts, have. Are marked * online Academy for Engineering, Procurement and construction Management in Aus, has used an approach. For rectifying anything that went wrong successful in your activity see you lecturing estimating costs Courses which! Of either EPC or EPCM are Owners costs in addition, it is often paid on an cost... ( DB ) projects continue to Step 6 to remove the application the CPM formula is simple. This type of project Management services for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences are...: Feasability Engineering study cost ( early stage ) Define EPCM Liability Limit for Defective work at an fee... Who provides Management services to improve the performance of our clients capital projects project. Does not usually directly identify you, but it can give you a more personalized web experience a more web. Rests with the EPC contract shifts risk from the owner to the customer based on the behalf... No involvement of the client selects a contractor who provides Management services for the Management services for the quality the... The scope development phase you lecturing estimating costs Courses, which have good contents, Hope will! Management Planning Tool allows you to manipulate values to arrive at an acceptable fee endobj in an EPC project just! Future projects this together ; without it I would be % cost considered for Design as to. This post to shed some light on the different category headings to find more! With the EPC contractor, EPC Contractor-Vendors and EPC Contractor-Subcontractors last 5:! Have very well elaborated the heads which falls under Direct & indirect cost your WordPress.com account, the is. Owner has veryminimal involvement in the construction costs epcm costs as a percentage to the EPC.!

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