Achilles, however, strikes back and inflicts a mortal wound upon Hector. Found insideRetells the story of the Trojan War, from the quarrel for the golden apple, and the flight of Helen with Paris, to the destruction of Troy. This act enables Achilles to call a twelve day truce, in which Priam will be able to bury the body of Hector. Achilles kills and mutilates Hector in a state of beastlike rage that only subsides when Priam comes to ask for his son's body. Hector is symbolized as civilized hero and Achilles is symbolized as personification of primitive brutality, pride, the highest wrath hero Hector wants to battle Achilles to avenge his country and defend it against future Greek attacks. Paris himself, soon after, received a fatal wound from an arrow shot by the rival archer Philoctetes. The poem ''The Iliad'' by Homer tells of the Trojan War, which involved both people and gods. Achilles chases Hector around the wall of the city, then the tw o heroes fight, and Achilles plunges his spear into Hector's neck. 77-81). On hearing of Patroclus' death, Achilles is overcome with grief and rage. This is the first time we have seen Achilles since Book 9, during Achilles's angry rejection of Agamemnon's partial apology. "This is a retelling of Homer's great epic poem ILIAD in novel form.How ought we to live our life? But Hector's death is not sufficient to satiate Achilles' grief, and thereby his rage. (Throughout the Homeric poems, several references are made … Linear B tablets attest to the personal name Achilleus in the forms a-ki-re-u and a-ki-re-we, the latter being the dative of the former. Achilles tells her what has happened and asks Thetis to go as a suppliant to Zeus, to ask him to intervene so that the Achaeans might know suffering as long as Achilles does not fight. Hera is his wife, and Apollo, Athena, and Ares are among his many children. Under what condition does he make this offer? In An Iliad, he considers reasoning with Achilles, but his pride overcomes him. Near death, Hector pleads with Achilles to return his body to the Trojans for burial, but Achilles resolves to let the dogs and scavenger birds maul the Trojan hero. However, the gods were warned of a prophecy that Thetis would have a son who would grow up to be greater than his father. Found insideInterprets the poetic meaning of the Iliad in relation to the heroic literature of the Ancient Near East. Protesilaüs was: a. a son of Zeus. However, Achilles is a figure of myth, rather than history. In the end, the only difference between Hector and Achilles is that they fight on opposite sides of the battlefield. Achilles, enraged with his friend's death, challenged Hector in a one-on-one fight. Thetis responds with sadness. Achilles has more of an evil emotion shown when he stabs Hectors body after Hector was killed. Death Of Achilles It is none other than Paris, the brother of Hector and lover of Helen who caused the whole war in the first place, who eventually kills Achilles. Achilles was said to have died from a heel wound as the result of a poisoned arrow shot by Paris, Hector's brother (see Figure 2). Found insideThe Suppliants, also called The Suppliant Maidens, is a classic play by the Greek playwright Euripides. Achilles refuses Hector's oath that both will treat each other respectively after death. 6. To drag him back to Troy the foe contends: Nor with his death the rage of Hector ends: Athena aided Achilles, the greatest warrior and son of a Nymph. Hector is one of the princes of Troy, son of Priam and brother of Paris; he’s also the second-best fighter in the Trojan War, bested only by Achilles.He’s known for his strength, piety, and precision, and he’s favored by the god Apollo.Before Achilles and Patroclus sail to Troy, Thetis tells Patroclus that Achilles will only die after Hector does. Hector falls down while Achilles taunts him with the fact that his body will be mutilated by dogs and birds. How Agamemnon and Achilles fell out at the siege of Troy; and Achilles withdrew himself from battle, and won from Zeus a pledge that his wrong should be avenged on Agamemnon and the Achaians. This reminds Achilles of his father, Peleus. Achilles is the main character in Homer's epic The Iliad.We follow Achilles from the beginning of the work, where he leaves the fighting because his pride is wounded by King . Zeus weighs their lots on his golden balances and Hector's lot sinks. They were different in that Hector was a prince and Achilles was not. The king of the gods, Zeus' power greatly exceeds his fellow immortals. Hector falls down while Achilles taunts him with the fact that his body will be mutilated by dogs and birds. It was Achilles armor given to Patroclus. Show More. Found insideThis is the story of the relationship between two grieving men at war: fierce Achilles, who has lost his beloved Patroclus in the siege of Troy; and woeful Priam, whose son Hector killed Patroclus and was in turn savaged by Achilles. Found insideWith unforgettably vivid characters, mesmerizing language, and page-turning suspense, Circe is a triumph of storytelling, an intoxicating epic of family rivalry, palace intrigue, love and loss, as well as a celebration of indomitable female ... Paris himself, soon after, received a fatal wound from an arrow shot by the rival archer Philoctetes. Who Shot Achilles tendon? 460 BCE; Munich). Hector sees this move, advances, and putting a spear through Patroclus' belly, kills him. Share The rage of Achilles does not end there, however. If the Achilles tendon is torn, this is called an Achilles … After Achilles has killed Hector, other Greeks run up and gaze at the body; each speaks and inflicts a wound on the corpse. After Achilles was born, his mother wanted to protect him from harm. He is, as Shay also states, bezerk (pp. Why won't Achilles return to fighting? The dying Hector pleads with Achilles to grant him a proper burial, but Achilles refuses. Iliad, Study-guide for Books 1 - 24. Character Analysis. Why did Achilles die? Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him in the heel with an arrow. Achilles is portrayed on numerous vase paintings, depicting various episodes of his life: his meeting with Troilus (François krater by Clitias and Ergotimes, ca. How did the real Achilles die? Near death, Hector pleads with Achilles to return his body to the Trojans for burial, but Achilles resolves to let the dogs and scavenger birds maul the Trojan hero. Achilles, finally calm, is no longer a source of violence and danger within the Greek camp. What does Agamemnon offer Achilles? Achilles knows the armor Hector is wearing and puts that knowledge to use, finding the weak point at the collarbone. She tells her son that he is destined to die young and with great sorrow, but she agrees to do as he asks. Prompted by the gods, Achilles returns Hector's body for burial and prepares Patroclus' funeral. [1] Thus then they were warring around the well-benched ship, but Patroclus drew nigh to Achilles, shepherd of the host, shedding hot tears, even as a fountain of dark water that down over the face of a beetling cliff poureth its dusky stream; and swift-footed goodly Achilles had pity when he saw . He pierced Hector's ankles and tied the rope to the back of the chariot. Glaucus, grieving for Sarpedon s death, seeks Then he dragged … Achilles does not take into account Hector's dying wish for his body to be returned to his people, but focuses only on his desire for complete vengeance. And he happens to be Achilles’ mortal enemy: the Trojan prince, Hector. For nine long years, Hector led the defense of the city of Troy against the Greek onslaught. He was a battle-hardened warrior, and, like Achilles, had a reputation for andreia . But Hector was different from Achilles. THE ILIAD BOOK 16, TRANSLATED BY A. T. MURRAY. This is the first volume of a projected six-volume Commentary on Homer's Iliad, under the General Editorship of professor G. S. Kirk. Professor Kirk himself is the editor of the present volume, which covers the first four Books of Iliad. Written at the end of the 1st century AD and cut short by the poet's death, Statius' epic poem Achilleid survives only in fragments. Epic masterpiece chronicles last days of Trojan War - quarrel of Achilles and Agamemnon, siege of Troy, death of Hector, Trojan Horse, many other incidents and events. Celebrated Samuel Butler prose translation. 1-119. After hector begs Achilles for a proper burial, Achilles says. He is, as Shay also states, bezerk (pp. Achilles ties Hector's body to the back of his chariot and drags it through the dirt. Achilles is of course presented as a ferocious warrior but so is Hector: at the very same line (I. According to later legends (and bits and pieces of Homer's own Odyssey), the warrior returned to Troy after Hector's funeral to . Discuss Keat's sonnet on reading Chapman's Homer. He is right. Zeus Character Analysis. Similarly, how long does Achilles keep Hector's body? How did Paris die? It is located just behind and above the heel. What does Apollo do to Hector's body? 530 BCE; Vatican Museum); binding the wounds of his friend Patroclus (bowl by Sosias, ca. No. He did not. Both Eleftherios Tserkezis [ https://www.quora.com/profile/Eleftherios-Tserkezis ] and Tyler Rhys Smith [ https://www.quora.com/pro... His master, meanwhile, has been honored by the commanders over the sulking Achilles, and is to fight Hector the next day.That night, Pandarus brings Troilus and Cressida together, and after they pledge to be forever true to one another, he ... Although Hector asked him to give his body to his family, Achilles ignores the last will of the dying Trojan hero because he is still obsessed with his revenge. If you're asking about the consensus of history, the answer is that we have no real reason to believe that Hector or Achilles were real people, and no re. Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy. Zeus. Before Hector dies, he predicts . He is the first warrior of the Western world. Despite the efforts of his mother, Achilles does die in Troy. Achilles loses all control; simply killing Hector is not enough: he must mutilate the corpse. Priam tearfully pleads with Achilles to take pity on a father bereft of his son and return Hector’s body. He asks Achilles to give his body to his family, which Achilles denies, throwing a spear through his throat. Hector falling at the hands of Achilles directly addresses these values of Grecian society. Book 22 further personifies the heroic characteristics that both Achilles and Hector possess. The gods step in and Apollo protects Hector's corpse and Zeus gets Thetis to convince Achilles to ransom Hector to Priam. Did Achilles regret killing Hector? Ares and Aphrodite. rise, divinely brave! Spear thrust. Achilles and his Myrmidon warriors had withdrawn from battle over a dispute with the Greek commander-in-chief, Agamemnon. As Hector's... The one-on-one combat ends with Achilles killing Hector. I will give two different explanations: an in-universe explanation and an out-of-universe explanation. The in-universe explanation is that the rive... Near death, Hector pleads with Achilles to return his body to the Trojans for burial, but Achilles resolves to let the dogs and scavenger birds maul the Trojan hero. This book seeks to restore Homer to his rightful place among the principal figures in political and moral philosophy. That if he doesn't return his body then he might be cursed by the gods - Achilles doesn't care What does Achilles do to Hector's body? Achilles: Son of the immortal sea nymph Thetis and Greek hero Peleus, Achilles is one of the most widely known heroes of myth. How are Achilles and Hector similar? The wound was fatal yet allowed Hector to speak to Achilles. The one-on-one combat ends with Achilles killing Hector. Achilles is portrayed on numerous vase paintings, depicting various episodes of his life: his meeting with Troilus (François krater by Clitias and Ergotimes, ca. Patroclus’ death caused Achilles to rage and dishonor Hector’s body, Patroclus’ death was caused by Achilles pride, and so, ultimately, Achilles dishonored Hector due to his pride. For Achilles, fighting in a war against the Trojans is a mark of honor and heroic . Barry Strauss. Hector was one of the greatest heroes in the Trojan War, being equal in strength and skill with Achilles, even when his weak point was exposed. In this novel, Achilles is a man whom we envy but also pity. He bears the scars from every cut he's endured in battle: he's revoltingly ugly. Even though he heals from most wounds within a day, he feels pain just as you or I do. Both of them have pride and glory and they want everybody to respect them. It joins the heel bone to the calf muscles. None of the men alone can ease the suffering. The other Achaeans gather round and exultantly stab Hector's corpse. In his reply to Odysseus, Achilles says, "I hate that man like the very Gates of Death who says one thing but hides another in his heart" (lines 378-379). Commander of the Myrmidons, Achilles is the most powerful hero in the Iliad and was said to be invulnerable in all of his body but his heel, where his mother held him when she dipped him . 530 BCE; Vatican Museum); binding the wounds of his friend Patroclus (bowl by Sosias, ca. Achilles: Bronze Age Warrior. (Book XVIII 135-136) Homer does not let go of the harshness, the reality of death and war. As he lay dying Hector. the preeminent killer of Trojans.. .and of Hector in particular (1.99)"<. Hector begs him not to, but to let Priam ransom him. Iliad. Achilles in The Iliad. Achilles' state is thus described: "Overpowered in all his power, sprawled in the dust / Achilles lay there, fallen…" (Fagles, 18. Hector: What does Thetis obtain for Achilles before he returns to battle? He was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia. 77–81). Achilles also has the attributes of being the most handsome of the heroes assembled against Troy.1 Later legends (beginning with a poem by Statius in the first century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of . "So now, better by far for me/To stand up to Achilles, kill him, come home alive/Or die at his hands in glory out before the walls. Picture of Patroclus and Achilles: Patroclus' death must follow immediately after that judgment. Found insideGreece in the age of Heroes. Homer's Iliad. Can you die from Achilles? Achilles slays Hector, pierces the dead body's "Achilles' tendons," straps the body to the back of his chariot, hauls it back to the Greek camp, and drags it in the dust twelve times around Patroclus' funeral pyre. Hector Assumes Achilles Arms Iliad XVII, ll 159ff (Fagles, p 447) Consider in Book XVII how Sarpedon s death leads Hector, armed with the war gear of Achilles, to terrify dispirited Greeks. Hector can veil his irrepressible desire for immortality, but Achilles cannot. In his Iliad, Homer does not explain what happened to Achilles. And he happens to be Achilles’ mortal enemy: the Trojan prince, Hector. Read Powerpoints on Achilles in Books 1-18 and The Homeric Gods. But Hector’s death is not sufficient to satiate Achilles’ grief, and thereby his rage. 500 BCE; Berlin); Achilles and Penthesilea (Attic bowl, ca. Achilles fights Hector for revenge. Then Achilles ties the body to … As per Homer’s Iliad, Achilles kills Hector in order to avenge the death of his close friend named Patroclus. Who was Patroculus? Patroclus was the... During the war, Penthesilea was not a queen who sat by and watched the men fight. The brutality of Achilles does not yield until the end of the poem, when king Priam begs for the body of Hector. This reminds Achilles of his father, Peleus. This act enables Achilles to call a twelve day truce, in which Priam will be able to bury the body of Hector. This supposition could be of course enough to cause his death. But Hector finally wounds him, reversing the tide of battle yet again. to Hector anticipate Hector s fated meeting with Achilles. How does this poem relate to your reading of the Iliad? He does this publicly in front of Hector's . Odysseus encourages Agamemnon and Achilles to reconcile before going into battle. King Priam, Hector's father, then went to Achilles to beg for his son's body so he could give it … Its function is to help in bending the foot downwards at the ankle (this movement is called plantar flexion). Achilles is badass, but sometimes he can be really annoying. 570 BCE; Florence); playing dice with Ajax (amphora by Execias, ca. How does Odysseus try to appeal to Achilles? Selections from both Iliad and Odyssey , made with an eye for those episodes that figure most prominently in the study of mythology. Found insideStatus Signals provides a systematic understanding of market dynamics that have--until now--not been fully appreciated. How does Achilles know where to wound hector. Who seems to move Achilles most from his determination to avoid fighting? The story of Achilles is one of the most important legends in Greek mythology. Achilles is killed by an arrow, shot by the Trojan prince Paris. Zeus, the king of the gods and Poseidon, god of the sea, had both fallen in love with Thetis and were rivals for her hand in marriage. The second-to-last occurrence is as Patroclus suffers his first spear wound in the back, telling that it did not bring him down. Deeply moved, Achilles finally relents and returns Hector’s corpse to the Trojans. Hector was the killer of Achilles' friend Patroclus. 10.Why does Achilles refuse the gifts? In the scope of the epic, Hector was always doomed to die. In the Iliad, several male characters . The other Achaeans gather round and exultantly stab Hector's corpse. Homer underlines that this behavior is foul, for Achilles allows his soldiers to wound the body and then bounds Hector’s feet to his chariot in order to harm the body. Achilles eventually catches up with Hector and kills him in a brief duel. A difference between Hector and Achilles is that Hector feels fear, while Achilles does not know what fear is he has never beaten but understands that he will meet his fate. 5. In this moving, dazzlingly creative book, Dr. Shay examines the psychological devastation of war by comparing the soldiers of Homer’s Iliad with Vietnam veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Achilles like the gods, remember your father, one who is of years like mine, and on the door-sill of sorrowful old age… (XXIV: 486-7) Confronted by Priam, Achilles then sees his own lonely father in Priam’s face, and returns the body of Hector to the Trojans. Though with his dying breath Hector foretells of Achilles’ impending death, it does not actually take place before the end of the Iliad. Achilles was said to have died from a heel wound as the result of a poisoned arrow shot by Paris, Hector’s brother (see Figure 2). Achilles' army: Who does Achilles vow to kill to avenge the death of Patroclus? Full of hubris.” He's the one who eventually ends up killing Achilles' best friend, Patroclus. Still pulsing with anger and needing to satisfy his revenge and grief for having lost Patroclus, Achilles allows Achaean soldiers to stab and mutilate Hector’s corpse. Because remember that Hector is wearing Achilles' armor - he took it when he killed Patroclos and so Achilles new the weakest point to strike him What does Hector warn Achilles about? 2. Then Achilles ties the body to his chariot and drags it behind. Athena and Hera , unable to bear any further suffering on the part of their favored Greeks, prepare to enter the fray, but Zeus sends the goddess Iris to warn them of the consequences of . The fate of the war is changed when Zeus promises Thetis that he will give glory to Achilles by turning the war against the Achaeans. The two sides meet in battle and Hector waits outside the city gates, ready to fight Achilles. This book is about how to read Homer--both the Iliad and the Odyssey--and various related forms of Greekpoetry in the archaic period, most notably the Hesiodic Theogony and Works and Days and the Homeric Hymns, especially the Apollo, the ... He drags it around the city. 500 BCE; Berlin); Achilles and Penthesilea (Attic bowl, ca. The wound was fatal yet allowed Hector to speak to Achilles. The dying Hector pleads with Achilles to grant him a proper burial, but Achilles refuses. Still pulsing with anger and needing to satisfy his revenge and grief for having lost Patroclus, Achilles allows Achaean soldiers to stab and mutilate Hector’s corpse. After his death, Achilles is cremated, and his ashes are mixed with those of his dear friend Patroclus. Achilles ties Hector’s body to the back of his chariot and drags it through the dirt. Both sides agree to a temporary truce, and Hector receives a hero’s funeral. The name grew more popular, even becoming common soon after the seventh century BC and was also turned into the female form Ἀχιλλεία (Achilleía), attested in Attica in the fourth century BC (IG II² 1617) and, in the form Achillia, on a stele in Halicarnassusas the name of a female gladiator fighting an "Amaz… In Greek mythology, Achilles (Ancient Greek: Template:Polytonic, Achilleus) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad. Whilst Achilles does defeat Hector in the end, he is not a far superior warrior to Hector. Summary: This section focuses on the immediate aftermath of Hector's murder. This is the only case where another fighter kills someone originally wounded by someone else (Mueller). Throughout the story of Iliad and Trojan wars, the Greek Gods interfered with the fates of the mortal men. 460 BCE; Munich). In his final moments, Hector begs Achilles for an honorable funeral, but Achilles replies that he will let the dogs and vultures devour Hector's flesh. Achilles finally reentered the Trojan War after: a. the Greek prophet told him he should. 9. With his dying words, Patroclus foretells Hector's own impending doom. Follow this link for a detailed summary of the Iliad (includes a capsule summary, and a summary of which sides the gods take in the Iliad) Introductory. Although Hector asked him to give his body to his family, Achilles ignores the last will of the dying Trojan hero because he is … He was a major character in the Iliad by Homer where he fought in the Trojan War against the city of Troy. Which god does Apollo convince to fight for the Trojans? Found insideThe first full study of corpse mistreatment and funeral violation in Greco-Roman epic poetry, illuminating many major texts. Both Eleftherios Tserkezis and Tyler Rhys Smith wrote excellent answers. Achilles fought to kill the Trojans, while Hector fought for peace between the two countries. But Hector was different from Achilles. I'll do my best not to repeat their points. As the battle rages, the god Apollo strikes Patroclus from his horse, Hector mistaking him for Achilles takes the opportunity to slay the warrior and strip the corpse of its armor. While this only happened in the movie Troy, he realized that no matter how much he hated Hector(further proof in how he treated his corpse afterwar... Homer, who delivers the most famous account of Achilles in his epic poem The Iliad, does not specify exactly how Achilles dies. Vol. This study by Hélène Monsacré shows how Western ideals of inexpressive manhood run contrary to the poetic vision of Achilles and his warrior companions presented in the Homeric epics. The Iliad: Book XXIV: Achilles And Priam Analysis. In his final moments, Hector begs Achilles for an honorable funeral, but Achilles replies that he will let the dogs and vultures devour Hector's flesh. 17. And it's only Patroclus' death that finally spurs Achilles to fight. When Achilles was fighting under Agamemnon, slaves were taken in the Trojan territory as the Greeks moved across the land, sacking and looting along the way. c. Agamemnon apologized to him. Achilles forgives his … Hector motive for fighting is way different than Achilles. He does so by tying Hector's corpse . The time of twelve days is employed in this book, while the body of Hector lies in the tent of Achilles. Achilles spends some time mourning his death and vows to avenge him: But now Ill go and meet that murder head-on, that Hector who destroyed the dearest life I know. Achilles continues to express his hatred for Hector by dragging the corpse behind a chariot around for days. Achilles' legend. Near death, Hector pleads with Achilles to return his body to the Trojans for burial, but Achilles resolves to let the dogs and scavenger birds maul the Trojan hero. It was a direct consequence of it. The Achilles tendon is an important part of the leg. Found insideThis 75th anniversary edition of a classic bestseller is stunningly illustrated and designed to enchant fans of Greek, Roman, and Norse mythology at all ages. 770 Words 4 Pages. In Greek mythology, Achilles was a hero of the Trojan War, the central character and greatest warrior of Homer’s Iliad. Achilles was said to have died from a heel wound as the result of a poisoned arrow shot by Paris, Hector's brother (see Figure 2). Achilles was said to have died from a heel wound as the result of a poisoned arrow shot by Paris, Hector's brother (see Figure 2). Achilles was one of the greatest warriors and heroes in Greek Mythology. Hector: Learning Manliness. "The Story of Troy" by Homer, Michael Clarke. The story of Achilles is one of the most important legends in Greek mythology. (Book XXII 124-131)" Hector embodies a sense of nobility that Achilles does not share. Afterward, the Greeks desecrated Hector's corpse by dragging it around the grave of Patroclus three times. Found insideIn a brief Note written thirty years later, included in this volume, he looks back on what he sees as the limits of his original reading of the Iliad. Hector charged and missed, and Achilles slayed him. Achilles ties Hector's body to the back of his chariot and drags it through the dirt. The other Achaeans gather round and exultantly stab Hector's corpse. In Greek mythology, Achilles (/əˈkɪliːz/ ə-KIL-eez) or Achilleus (Ancient Greek: Ἀχιλλεύς, [a.kʰilˈleu̯s]) was a hero of the Trojan War, the greatest of all the Greek warriors, and is the central character of Homer's Iliad. Achilles tendon tears are typically classified as follows: 14. Patroclus adds that Achilles will soon kill Hector. Achilles is immoral due to his blind rage when it comes to his treatment of Hector's body. How does each seek to persuade Achilles to return to combat? He fights for not only himself, but for the cause of protecting his country and its pride. Paris was the son of King Priam of Troy and his wife Hecuba. Iliad Study Guide. After Achilles delivers the fatal wound, he verbally rages to Hector about how he wishes to defile his body after death in great detail. Homer addresses Patroclus directly the final time before his death speech, lamenting his choice to pursue Hector and Achilles's inability to save him. Explore why the hero Achilles returned the disfigured body of his enemy Hector, to the dead man's father. In the seventh year of the Trojan War, a Trojan prince named Troilus falls in love with Cressida, the daughter of a Trojan priest who has defected to the Greek side. b. his mother said he should. In most versions of the story, the god Apollo is said to have guided the arrow into his vulnerable spot, his heel. Achilles wounds Scamander, winning the battle, by tricking him into thinking he stumbled—using human failure as bait. Homer underlines that this behavior is foul, for Achilles allows his soldiers to wound the body and then bounds Hector's feet to his chariot in order to harm the body. Hermes guides Priam with his treasure to Achilles's tent for the ransom exchange. He pierces Hector's neck, but not his windpipe. Similarly, instead of letting bygones be bygones, Achilles swears vengeance on Hector … Briseis Character Analysis. But overstretching or straining can result in a torn tendon. Achilles aimed and shot his spear into a small gap in the neck area of that armor, killing Hector. Hector appears to be different from Achilles in that his quest for glory coincides with his defense of his home and family – his defense of Troy. 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To the dead man 's father the suffering Hephaestus: what does Apollo do to Hector anticipate s...